Basic of Social Science NOTE International Relation Department of UMY Odd First Semester

Science and Knowledge

The issues that are discussed in this lecture are about People think and solve problems in order to SURVIVE.

Science and Knowledge

Essence of science is how the human think and solve problems in order to survive and it is very dynamic along with human’s discovery and invention. Science and knowledge can be obtained from observation, ratio, consensus, experiment and sight.
Science and knowledge have characteristic; it can only be derived from scientific methodology and it’s very dynamic. There are two opinions on how we can achieve knowledge and science:

1. Rationalism
Plato (427-34 BC) wrote a book “Organon”, it explains how we can make/draw conclusion correctly (Syllogism) and improved by Renee Descartes (1596-1650), he says “WHEN I AM AWARE/CONCIOUS/REALIZE THEN I KNOW” or COGITO, ERGO, SUM. In this method you are doing analysis deductively or from general to specific and this method is mainly based on certain concept or theory.

2. Empiricism
John Locke (1632-1764) an Englishman spoke about his theory “The Social Contract” which is against The Devine Theory (Nation was created by God so the kings or pope have the ultimate power to rule the nation). He believed that power doesn’t come from above, but it comes from the people (people have the right to vote and make consensus.
In this method science and knowledge can be derived by experiencing the theories. In another word “Go to nature for answers and reject bad theories”

What makes science different from knowledge? The term science is more specific or mostly used for the specific things such as: Social Science, Natural Science, Political Science and Knowledge are more common than science.

Inhabitant, Society and Culture
Inhabitant (World Citizen)

Increasing number of people means increasing world problems such as; food supply, unemployment, crimes, health problems (disease and medication), education, climate, lack of natural resources, migration, decreasing number of lands, environmental migration (happens when the resources are limited) and so forth.
Demography (Quantitative) Problems:
1. Covering the total number speed to increase the number, distribution of population and composition of inhabitants.
2. The need of food supply, education level, health, security, housing, income per capita, environmental sustainability, natural resources and jobs.

Overpopulation

The increase of population is much higher than the area’s (resources) capability to support the life (Sumarwoto > Paul Nailo, 1977). Three dominant aspects in population growth:
• Natality (Birth Rate)
• Mortality
• Migration: urbanization, transmigration, emigration (go), immigration (come)

Population Mobilization

- Permanent
- Non permanent: daily (commuter), seasonal and periodically.

Theory of Migration

1. Gravitation Theory
a. The farther the distance the smaller the volume of migration
b. The difference between rural and urban area will encourage migration
c. Women tend to migrate to closer destination
d. Technological improvement encourages migration
e. The main motivation of migration is economy
2. Push-Pull Theory
a. The Condition in the original place
b. The condition in the destination place (prospect)
c. The types of obstacles
d. Personal or individual factors

Society

Society (Socius – Latin, Syaraka Arabic) as Collective Life
Society is a group of people who live together for a certain period of time, with own norms that regulate the behavior of the whole community in all aspects of life continuously.

Society- Place, people and time
- Culture and tradition
- Interaction continuously

Culture
Interaction among individual in a society needs contact and communication.
Definition of culture according to Anthropology: The whole system of ideas, action and the product (of human) in the society life which is owned through learning.
Culture (colere – Latin) means to cultivate and there are three forms of culture:
- The wholes system of ideas
- The whole system of actions
- The products of culture
Culture universal: language, system of knowledge, social organization, system of life hood, system of technology, system of religion and art.