TUGAS 2 - MPS HI UMY 2009

Kuliah Bapak Bambang Wahyu Nugroho
sumber: mpshi.wordpress.com


DIAGNOSTIC TEST
BAB 2. TEORI DAN PENELITIAN

1. Yang bukan merupakan fungsi dari teori:
a. teori mencegah kesimpulan yang merupakan kebetulan
b. teori membantu memahami pola yang diamati dan menyarankan kemungkinan lain
c. teori membentuk dan mengarahkan upaya penelitian
d. teori membantu mengidentifikasi cara-cara yang lebih tepat untuk melihat dunia
2. Yang mendasari penjelasan yang berbeda yang disediakan oleh paradigma adalah teori-teori – yakni model atau kerangka acuan yang kita gunakan untuk menata pengamatan dan penalaran kita.
a. Benar
b. Salah
3. Sementara kita berpikir bahwa ilmu berkembang secara bertahap, dalam kenyataannya paradigma ilmiah telah mengakar sampai ada paradigma baru yang dapat menyoroti kelemahan paradigma lama.
a. Benar
b. Salah
4. Ilmuwan sosial tertarik untuk menjelaskan hubungan internasional dan persimpangan antara berbagai lembaga dalam masyarakat dengan lebih cenderung menggunakan teori mikro (microtheory) daripada teori makro (macrotheory).
a. Benar
b. Salah
5. Teori-teori sosial yang memusatkan perhatian pada masyarakat pada umumnya disebut ………………..
6. Yang pertama kali menciptakan istilah “sosiologi”
a. Emile Durkheim
b. Karl Marx
c. Auguste Comte
d. Margaret Mead
7. Comte percaya bahwa ilmu (sains) akan menggantikan salah satu pengetahuan di bawah ini dengan mendasarkan diri pada pengamatan bukan pada kepercayaan atau logika saja:
a. metafisika
b. agama
c. biologi
d. sejarah
8. Siapa teoritisi yang mengawali kajian tentang bagaimana individu berinteraksi satu sama lain?
a. Emile Durkheim
b. Georg Simmel
c. Margaret Mead
d. Herbert Spencer
9. Orang yang paling bertanggung jawab atas paradigma konflik yakni …………………………
10. Roberto ingin mempelajari bagaimana pasangan yang baru bertunangan berkomunikasi satu sama lain. Ia terutama tertarik pada bagaimana setiap orang mendefinisikan simbol-simbol semisal cincin pertunangan, dan bagaimana setiap orang mengkomunikasikan hubungan pertunangan itu dengan orang lain. Paradigma mana yang terbaik?
a. interaksionisme simbolik
b. struktural fungsionalisme
c. konflik
d. feminis
11. Paradigma yang meneliti kelompok-kelompok primer dan cermin-diri yakni ……………
12. Indira ingin belajar bagaimana orang-orang memahami penundaan yang mereka alami dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Dia meminta orang untuk mencatat dalam buku hariannya tentang penundaan tersebut dan bagaimana mereka menanggapinya, khususnya bagaimana mereka memahaminya. Dia juga mendorong mereka untuk kadang-kadang melanggar harapan orang lain dalam hal menanggapi penundaan. Paradigma apa yang sedang dia gunakan?
a. ethnomethodology
b. interaksionisme simbolik
c. struktural fungsionalisme
d. konflik
13. Paradigma yang menganjurkan melanggar aturan-aturan sosial untuk membantu belajar tentang harapan masyarakat dan bagaimana mereka memahami dunia ini ……………………….
14. Morse ingin mempelajari peran agama dalam masyarakat, yakni bagaimana agama menjadi pusat perhatian masyarakat, dan bagaimana agama sering berhubungan dengan lembaga-lembaga politik dan ekonomi. Paradigma mana yang sebaiknya digunakan?
a. feminis
b. ethnomethodology
c. struktural fungsionalisme
d. interaksionisme simbolik
15. Paradigma yang juga dikenal sebagai “teori sistem sosial”?
a. ethnomethodology
b. konflik
c. interaksionisme simbolik
d. struktural fungsionalisme
16. Rini khawatir bahwa banyak teori yang bagus mengenai stratifikasi didasarkan pada data tentang laki-laki. Dia ingin meneliti sebab dan akibat dari golongan (klas) di kalangan perempuan, dengan fokus khusus pada bagaimana sistem stratifikasi sering menindas perempuan. Paradigma mana yang terbaik untuk digunakan?
a. interaksionisme simbolik
b. struktural fungsionalisme
c. konflik
d. feminis
17. Paradigma feminis secara politik peduli dengan penindasan perempuan di banyak masyarakat.
a. Benar
b. Salah
18. Pada akhirnya, apakah ada realitas objektif yang kita alami secara subjektif atau apakah konsep kita tentang realitas objektif hanyalah sebuah ilusi.
a. Benar
b. Salah
19. Postmodernisme menunjukkan subjektivitas pengalaman manusia.
a. Benar
b. Salah
20. Tiga elemen utama dalam model tradisional ilmu adalah:
a. ilmu, harapan, filosofi
b. teori, pengambilan sampel, analisis data
c. operasionalisasi, etika, teori
d. teori, operasionalisasi, pengamatan
21. Menurut model tradisional sains, ilmuwan mulai mengembangkan ilmu dengan:
a. satu atau dua konsep
b. sebuah data
c. sebuah teori
d. sebuah hipotesis
22. Freda mengembangkan teori dan hipotesis tentang penyesuaian menuju pensiun dan gender. Dia membangun ukuran-ukuran penyesuaian menuju pensiun. Langkah selanjutnya untuk Freda sesuai dengan model tradisional sains yakni:
a. mempertimbangkan etika penelitian
b. mengembangkan-ulang teori
c. menganalisis data
d. observasi (pengumpulan data)
23. Model tradisional sains biasanya dimulai dengan operasionalisasi.
a. Benar
b. Salah
24. Hipotesis diturunkan dari teori.
a. Benar
b. Salah
25. Frankie berasumsi bahwa anak-anak suka dihormati oleh anak-anak lain. Dia kemudian mengembangkan ujian tertentu dengan harapan akan membuktikan bahwa anak laki-laki mengalami lebih banyak tekanan kenakalan daripada anak perempuan. Harapan ini dikenal sebagai sebuah:
a. hipotesis
b. konsep
c. variabel
d. proposisi
26. Salah satu dari pernyataan berikut ini adalah contoh terbaik dari sebuah hipotesis:
a. mahasiswa tidak suka belajar
b. konflik mendasari setiap jenis hubungan sosial
c. orang tua memilih lebih konservatif dibandingkan orang yang lebih muda
d. cinta diukur oleh seberapa sering orang menyebut “love” satu sama lain
27. Salah satu dari pernyataan berikut ini merupakan ringkasan terbaik dari peran deduksi dan induksi:
a. deduksi merupakan pendekatan yang lebih disukai
b. induksi merupakan pendekatan yang lebih disukai
c. dalam praktek, penyelidikan ilmiah melibatkan pergiliran antara deduksi dan induksi
d. dalam praktek, penyelidikan ilmiah terutama melibatkan satu atau pendekatan lain
28. Langkah pertama dalam konstruksi teori deduktif adalah untuk:
a. memilih topik yang menarik bagi anda
b. mengembangkan hipotesis
c. langkah-langkah untuk mengembangkan konsep
d. membangun konsep anda
29. Langkah terakhir dalam konstruksi teori deduktif adalah untuk:
a. mengidentifikasi konsep anda
b. menalar secara logis terhadap topik spesifik anda
c. menentukan topik
d. menentukan ruang lingkup fenomena yang diarahkan oleh teori anda alamat
30. Frankie mulai berteori tentang kenakalan di sekolah-sekolah dengan menyatakan bahwa penyebabnya karena anak-anak suka dihormati oleh anak-anak lainnya. Dia kemudian mengembangkan sejumlah uji hubungan antara kenakalan dan gender. Asumsi bahwa anak-anak suka dihormati dikenal sebagai sebuah:
a. variabel
b. hipotesis
c. proposisi
d. aksioma
31. Langkah pertama dalam membangun sebuah teori melalui metode induktif adalah:
a. mengembangkan ukuran-ukuran
b. mengembangkan hipotesis
c. mengembangkan sampel
d. mengamati beberapa segmen kehidupan sosial
32. Grounded theory digunakan dengan
a. konstruksi teori induktif
b. konstruksi teori deduktif
c. paradigma struktural fungsional
d. paradigma feminis
33. Penelitian eksperimental biasanya digunakan untuk melakukan konstruksi teori induktif.
a. Benar
b. Salah
34. Konstruksi teori induktif sering dimulai dengan pertama-tama mengamati aspek-aspek dalam kehidupan sosial. Metode ini dikenal sebagai …………………………… ………
35. Terlepas dari teori yang digunakan, ada hubungan yang erat antara teori dan penelitian.
a. Benar
b. Salah

TUGAS 1 - MPS HI UMY 2009

Kuliah Bapak Bambang Wahyu Nugroho
sumber: mpshi.wordpress.com


DIAGNOSTIC TEST
BAB 1. MANUSIA DAN ILMU

1. Epistemologi adalah bagian dari:
a. filsafat ilmu
b. ilmu untuk mengetahui
c. ilmu pengetahuan
d. psikologi pengetahuan
2. Penalaran kausal menunjukkan bahwa:
a. kita menggunakan pandangan pramodern
b. keadaan sekarang menyebabkan keadaan di masa depan
c. keadaan di masa depan menyebabkan keadaan sekarang
d. penalaran probabilistik tidak termasuk di dalamnya
3. Prediksi tanpa pemahaman adalah mungkin.
a. Benar
b. Salah
4. Neneknya Budi memberitahu Budi tentang dampak siklus rembulan pada perilaku menyimpang. Sumber pengetahuan ini mencerminkan apa?
a. tradisi
b. kewenangan
c. ilmu
d. agama
5. Budaya di mana kita hidup menyediakan sumber pengetahuan yang dikenal sebagai tradisi.
a. Benar
b. Salah
6. Michelle mengamati beberapa anak-anak prasekolah bermain dan melihat apa yang dia pikir sebagai pola dalam semua perilaku bermain anak-anak prasekolah perilaku. Dia melakukan kesalahan (error) berpikir yang mana?
a. pengamatan tak akurat
b. overgeneralisasi
c. pengamatan selektif
d. penalaran tak logis
7. Michelle telah menyimpulkan bahwa tinggal di sebuah asrama mahasiswi membuat penduduk lebih androgynous (kelaki-lakian). Saat ia melanjutkan penelitiannya, dia cenderung untuk berfokus pada peristiwa-peristiwa dan situasi yang sesuai dengan pola ini. Kesalahan penyelidikan macam apa yang tercermin di sini?
a. pengamatan tak akurat
b. penalaran tak logis
c. overgeneralisasi
d. pengamatan selektif
8. Overgeneralisasi dapat menyebabkan pengamatan selektif.
a. Benar
b. Salah
9. Igor mempelajari tingkah laku mahasiswa di perguruan tinggi dan melihat bahwa sedikit banyak di antara mereka tidak membawa buku ke dalam kelas. Lalu ia melihat himpunan baru serombongan mahasiswa di kejauhan dan menyimpulkan sebelum melihat mereka bahwa mereka pasti akan membawa buku ke kelas karena seseorang harus melakukan itu, terutama karena ia baru saja melihat mahasiswa tanpa buku. Kesalahan macam apa yang tercermin di sini?
a. penalaran tak logis
b. overgeneralisasi
c. pengamatan selektif
d. pengamatan tak akurat
10. Masyarakat tertentu menganggap bahwa pandangan-pandangan alternatif tentang realitas adalah sah. Pandangan macam apa ini?
a. pramodern
b. nonmodern
c. modern
d. postmodern
11. Bernardo berpendapat bahwa tidak ada realitas yang benar-benar nyata dan bahwa apa yang dilihat orang adalah produk dari posisi mereka di masyarakat. Perspektif apa yang tercermin di sini?
a. modern
b. pramodern
c. postmodern
d. anti-modern
12. Dua pilar ilmu pengetahuan yakni . … … … …. dan  … … … … … …
13. Budi ingin menggunakan ilmu sosial untuk membantu dia memutuskan apakah Islam Sunni adalah aliran agama yang lebih baik daripada Islam Syiah. Sebagai methodologist, respons terbaik Anda akan:
a. tergantung pada apa yang Anda maksud dengan “Islam Sunni”
b. maaf, ilmu pengetahuan tidak dapat menyelesaikan perdebatan tentang nilai-nilai
c. tergantung pada apa yang Anda maksud dengan “lebih baik”
d. hal terbaik yang harus dilakukan adalah mewawancarai seorang Muslim Sunni dan Muslim Syiah.
14. Budi mengatakan bahwa pamannya yang berusia 48 tahun akan menikahi gadis 24 tahun untuk membuktikan bahwa “keteraturan sosial yang menyatakan bahwa orang cenderung untuk menikah dengan orang-orang sebaya mereka” tidak akurat. Apa tanggapan terbaik Anda sebagai methodologist?
a. keberatan bahwa keteraturan sosial dapat disetel melalui kesadaran aktornya bukan merupakan tantangan serius bagi ilmu sosial
b. paman Budi hanyalah pengecualian dari aturan
c. keteraturan ini terlalu sepele untuk dimaknai
d. kita perlu mengembangkan suatu alat ukur untuk menentukan ukuran “menikah dengan orang-orang sebaya”
15. Keberatan bahwa selalu ada pengecualian untuk semua keteraturan sosial berarti bahwa keteraturan sosial itu tidak nyata dan tidak penting.
a. Benar
b. Salah
16. Salah satu pernyataan berikut ini mewakili agregat dari orang:
a. beberapa orang jamaah di beberapa masjid
b. mahasiswa orang-perorang di lima kampus
c. satu masjid, dengan sekitar 65 anggota jamaahnya
d. Sekumpulan mahasiswa berusia 18 tahun yang ditanyai seputar pola penggunaan hak  suara mereka
17. Ilmuwan sosial yang mempelajari perilaku kolektif dari banyak individu, dikenal sebagai seorang ……
18. Ibnu ingin menggunakan ukuran kehadiran di dalam sholat Jumat sebagai faktor dalam studinya, dengan kategori “tidak pernah,” “tidak selalu” dan “selalu”. Kehadiran di dalam sholat Jumat dan kategorinya tersebut adalah:
a. variabel dan atribut
b. atribut dan variabel
c. teori dan metode
d. metode dan teori
19. Juanita memutuskan untuk mempelajari perbedaan di antara mahasiswa HI UMY yang memilih konsentrasi studi yang berbeda. Tetapi semua orang di ruang yang ditelitinya telah memilih Globalisasi sebagai pilihan konsentrasinya. Yang mana salah satu dari pernyataan berikut ini yang dapat dikatakan tentang konsep “pilihan konsentrasi”?
a. Juanita perlu meneliti lebih banyak orang
b. Juanita bisa melanjutkan penelitiannya dengan menghubungkan antara dua variabel
c. Juanita benar-benar hanya memiliki satu konsep
d. variabel yang digunakannya bukan benar-benar sebuah variabel karena hanya mempunyai satu atribut
20. Atribut dari variabel tingkat di kelas perguruan tinggi meliputi:
a. muda, usia pertengahan, tua
b. belajar keras dan tidak belajar keras
c. tahun pertama, sophomore, junior, senior
d. persyaratan minimum jam untuk masing-masing tingkat kelas
21. Tujuan dalam mempelajari variabel adalah untuk melihat bagaimana mereka saling berhubungan.
a. Benar
b. Salah
22. Joe berharap dapat menjelaskan setiap kemungkinan alasan mengapa kakaknya memilih berbelanja kebutuhan sehari-hari di supermarket, termasuk alasan pribadi, keluarga, sekolah, rekan, dan jenis pengaruh lain. Disebut apa kegiatan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Joe itu?
a. penelitian murni
b. penelitian terapan
c. sebuah penjelasan idiographic
d. sebuah penjelasan nomotetis
23. Penjelasan Idiographic berusaha menjelaskan situasi golongan (klas) dan bukan situasi tunggal, biasanya dalam bentuk beberapa penyebab penting.
a. Benar
b. Salah
24. Sementara penjelasan nomotetis sangat berguna dalam penelitian sosial ilmiah, penjelasan idiographic hanya sedikit digunakan.
a. Benar
b. Salah
25. Jenis penalaran kausal digunakan ketika menjelaskan situasi tunggal yang mempunyai sejumlah kemungkinan penyebab. Ini dikenal sebagai penjelasan …………………………..
26. Nur Aini mengamati siswa-siswi di Taman Pendidikan Al-Qur’an untuk beberapa bulan dan kemudian menentukan apakah ada pola dalam aktivitas yang berbeda dari siswa laki-laki dan perempuan. Mencerminkan pendekatan apakah kegiatan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Nur Aini itu?
a. deduktif
b. transductive
c. terapan
d. induktif
27. Aisyah mempelajari literatur tentang pesta ulang tahun dan menemukan pola hubungan antara jenis kelamin dan jenis pesta ulang tahunnya, yang secara logis dan teoritis masuk akal. Dia kemudian melakukan penelitiannya terhadap hubungan antara mahasiswa dan pesta ulang tahun. Pendekatan yang tercermin?
a. deduktif
b. transductive
c. terapan
d. induktif
28. Induksi merupakan pendekatan yang jauh lebih baik menuju teori ketimbang deduksi.
a. Benar
b. Salah
29. Pendekatan yang dimulai dari sebuah hubungan yang diharapkan secara teori menuju pengamatan khusus untuk melihat apakah ada hubungan secara faktual dikenal sebagai penalaran ……………………………..
30. Perbedaan antara data kuantitatif dan kualitatif dalam penelitian sosial pada dasarnya adalah perbedaan antara:
a. filsafat dan agama
b. data yang baik dan data yang kurang baik
c. data penting dan data yang kurang berguna
d. data numerik dan data nonnumerik
31. Falsifikasi adalah proses di mana kita membuat pengamatan lebih eksplisit dengan menggunakan angka.
a. Benar
b. Salah
32. Gunawan ingin menggunakan hasil penelitiannya pada anak-anak nakal untuk mengembangkan program komunitas untuk mengurangi kenakalan remaja. Jenis penelitian apa yang tercermin dalam contoh ini?
a. didanai
b. terapan
c. murni
d. etis
33. Heri tertarik mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang proses negosiasi yang digunakan oleh pasangan suami istri ketika mereka bertengkar. Dia tertarik dalam hal ini demi dirinya sendiri dan tidak punya rencana untuk menggunakan hasilnya untuk membantu meningkatkan kehidupan pasangan suami istri pada umumnya. Jenis penelitian yang tercermin dalam contoh ini?
a. didanai
b. diterapkan
c. murni
d. etis
34. Penelitian murni mengembangkan pengetahuan demi perkembangan pengetahuan, tanpa perhatian terhadap kemungkinan dapat dimanfaatkan dalam kehidupan nyata.
a. Benar
b. Salah

Transportation - An example of short essay - English Class

Transportation in Human Life

The world has been changing day by day since the first time it was created and so has the society. In the old days, people didn’t use too much transportation to travel and they would walk to get to certain place. But now people seem to be losing their habit; instead of walking people are tend to use transportation, although the distance is not that far. This brings many effects towards humanity and there are several bad impacts caused by these changes such as; losing the ability to walk, shortening the lifespan of humans and creating bad impacts towards the environment.

Human will not be able to walk because they are always using transportation to move from one place to another place. The concept of not being able to walk can be proven by the fact that the humans do not want to walk much and when they really stop walking they will lose their ability to walk. There is also an aphorism about language “If you don’t use it you lose it”, the same thing with walking, if you don’t walk you will lose the ability to walk.

            Stop walking also decrease the lifespan of the humans. The less they walk the less their lifespan is. This is the analogy, if they do not walk or more specifically they do not exercise; their health will get worsen and their body will get weaker. In the very end of fifties most of them will die.

            Finally, all the bad impacts also endanger the environment because these transportations cause pollutions all over the world. The global warming and the holes in ozone will finally destroy the world and kill the entire humanity.

            In conclusion, the human race must consider transportation as a serious change in the world and humans must be aware of its dangers also its impacts towards themselves moreover the world. Human also have to use more their muscles to do their jobs instead of using more transportation and other machine tools.

The Uzaman, example of short essay - Bridging Course of Mr. Phil Thailor -

The Uzaman

            My name is Gigih Uzaman and my home town is Banjarnegara, 150 kilometers west of Jogja. This town is he central of salak and red pepper plantations in Indonesia. My entire big families come and live in this town; many of many of them are farmers. In my family there are only a son and a daughter, my sister and I, also my father and my mother.

            My father is a farmer as well as a teacher in the region. He plants cassavas, corns and peanut. Mostly he spends his time at school teaching the kids and hires people to take care of our farms. In the late afternoon he would come to the farms and checks out what the condition. My mother is a teacher and she pretty much does the chores with together with our housekeeper. In the morning she cooks and then she goes to school to teach elementary students. In the evening she would do bookkeeping for the school because she is the teacher as well as the secretary of the school.

            In the family there are only two kids, my sister and I. Apparently I have always been living alone in the dormitory since in seventh grade until now and I only come home twice a year during Ramadan holiday and in the end of the school year period. I don’t do a lot of things at home except doing chores and go fishing. My sister is a high school student, she is tenth grader and she really loves her school. She spends most of the day at school and doing some extracurricular, mostly are organization activities. When she gets home; she would not do a lot of thing except eating, sleeping and studying. Sometimes she helps our mother to clean the house and cook; mostly she just doesn’t care about anything.

            Finally, I am very proud to be the part of family; we always have many times to seat and share the story of our daily activity together. We also share a lot of sorrow and sadness and any of us would give sympathy and solution. Therefore, I believe that God has given the most perfect family for me.

The Debilities of Multiparty System in Indonesia - Introduction to Political Science Assignment for Replacement of Final Examination - IRs IC UMY 09

 Introduction to Political Science Assignment for Replacement of Final Examination

  The Debilities of Multiparty System in Indonesia

By:

Gigih Shofa Uzaman (20090510058)

                                                                                         

Final Examination

International Relations of Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta

Abstract

The Republic of Indonesia is a state which based on so called “Pancasila Democratic System” or it is equal as Liberal Democratic System which the US has. This condition makes Indonesia to have the multiparty system which is quite similar to the US. Furthermore when we look the diversity within the country, there are hundreds of different ethnics in race, religion and tribes that have many different ideologies and thoughts, make this country even more diverse than any other country in Asia.

            Simply we can say that Indonesia “copy” it from the US and then “paste” it within the country as a system, without further consideration, and this is what is going to create problems. American society is not the same with Indonesian society. American society is not religious oriented or even does not consider religion as anything, meanwhile Indonesian society which is mainly God oriented would consider a lot of religious affairs. Liberal Democratic System would fit in one country which has liberal society and it also would make serious complication in religious society which is God oriented and everything belongs to God, including law, power and freedom.

            In general perspective, there are many facts that show the inefficiency of this system and changes must be done.  Therefore, Indonesian incumbent government must take start to find a better system which can serve all the need of Indonesia which is varies and complex. A fast and looking sharp actions must be drafted as soon as possible to cover all the needs of Indonesia. [1]

The Debilities of Multiparty System in Indonesia

Every party system basically has its own lacks and overplus, so does multiparty system, although it is being applied in many democratic countries such as US, Indonesia, India, Malaysia and so forth. People believe that this is the most eligible ways for the people to get their rights because the more parties exist the more chance for the voice of people to be heard by the state.

This mindset might work well in the more educated with democracy and homogenous countries such as Israel and the US, but when it comes to a country such as Indonesia and Malaysia, it seems not to be working very well due to many factors such as education, belief, diversity, cultures and political interest.

In general there are seven lacks of multiparty system which exist in Indonesia and how they affect the life of the Indonesian society in general, they are:

Huge Budget Allocation

            Huge budget which is allocated by the government to support the living of those parties is really a troublesome for many countries. A good government must help the living of the parties in order to uphold democracy in line with multiparty system. Although the parties are not fully dependent on the government; they can find other sources to help them; but it is still a burden for the government. In this case, government of a state must allocate trillions of rupiah for many parties.

            This is really a big deal for Indonesia, although it is all for the sake of justice and freedom of choice which is the essentials of democratic state, it is still a questionable burden in Indonesian politics. Many question remain, is the parties’ contribution equal to what the budget allocation given by government.

            A huge amount of money is given to every single party, it is estimated Rp. 5.000.000.000,- for each party for the campaign and also some billions for each personal candidates. If it is only one or two or three parties only, it would not matter. But there are around 40 parties in average in every five years election. The calculation would be at least Rp. 5.000.000.000,- x 40 = Rp. 20.000.000.000,-. Indonesian government gives Rp. 20.000.000.000 only for the parties to campaign and this number is not added with the “allowance” for the single candidates and other materials. [2]

Ineffectiveness in the Usage of Budget Allocation

            The money which is given by government to a party is supposed to be used in campaign. But what short of campaign should be done? The campaign is to give persuasive speeches, making pamphlet, or any kinds of action to persuade people to choose the party. But there are several kinds of campaign which is banned, it is to give money directly to people with certain amount and then require the people to choose their party. This kind of campaign would absorb more money than any other ways. It is also called “black campaign” which is banned by government.

            The use of money in this term has become a “tradition” in Indonesian society, people only consider short term interest instead of long term ones. This also causes in bad impacts on people, when a wealthy person who is not qualified enough become a representative because of money; he will not fight for the good of people. He is certainly going to find ways to get his money back.

            Here is a picture of estimation on how a single party can spend its budget mainly in giving bribery to people.  In a region which has 50.000 people who are eligible to elect; a single party will give Rp. 50.000,- for each one. Thus the party spends (Rp. 50.000,- x 50.000 = 2.500.000.000,-) for the region to make sure that the party will win the election in that region. This shows that this so called “culture” would create ineffectiveness in the multiparty system, as we know that the parties are going to compete. In this case, a party will encourage another party to do the same in order to win the election. Therefore, inefficiency cannot be denied and remains as the burden of multiparty system.

           

Decision Making Would be so Difficult

            As we see as a nature of multiparty system there are many thoughts and ideas about a matter and how to deal with it. One party might think it should go this way and another would say something different. In this case, if there are only one or two parties, the decision making would not take that long time and difficult. But if we see in Indonesia, there are over 40 parties and it seems so impossible to pass a regulation which is agreed by all of them or even only a majority.

            The multi party system will always create a situation where parties will struggle for control and in the end get important nothing done, this is just a fact with the way the system works, think of it as having a car which can drive in either automatic or manual transmission, one has to be in charge or the car isn't going to speed up.[3]

Disputes among Parties Create Political Instability

            Multiparty system is also creating the instability of politics in many ways. In this system, if the parties are not against each other in decision making, there would not be a problem. But when the parties are against each other in decision making it will create instability in the politics.

            If a party has the power in certain places in the representatives, the party will reshuffle the political players in that house. When this happens, there will be many new decisions being passed and of course it will confuse many people in Indonesia.

            Instability in politics will cause instability in economy. If the politics of Indonesia does not run well and there are always many people being changed, investors would not be interested in investing their assets in Indonesia. The nature of investor is to invest in a stable country which can maintain a stable marker for the investors. Even for non-investment business such as small farming and micro economy which is run by small family would be affected. Instability of the multiparty politics will affect all economic activity in the country and it is going to ruin the cash flows of a country. [4]

            Instability in political activity will also cause instability in security. When the politics is not running well, many people think that the government is incapable to stabilize the political condition. That way people will turn into chaos demanding the better political conditions. Furthermore, when the economic and political conditions are in chaos, riots and terrorisms will occur to haunt the country. [5]

            The instability of security is also caused by the disputes among the parties. The disputes will encourage the grass rooters to stand against each other who are not in the same parties like what it happened in 1999. There were many terrors and chaos everywhere in Indonesia and causes billions of lost and kicked many domestic and foreign investors out of business.

           

Political Interests Overwhelms Common Interests

Multiparty system which is supposed to give more chances for Indonesian citizens to participate is often becoming so ineffective. The more parties we have, the more chances for people voices to be heard. But it seems to be only a mirage for Indonesia. The more parties the more competitions to fulfill their own interests through those parties.

One of the most severe risks of multiparty system is the competition to gain more self interests. One party will not stand still when they see another party taking interest for themselves. This has become the nature of a party.

This seems to be the main problem in Indonesia today; many regulations were passed in order to fulfill self interest of the representatives and the parties. A party might not pass a regulation if the regulation is not giving benefit for the party although it will do good for the people of Indonesia. A party might pass the regulation which brings good for the party although it does not give any good for the people. This is very severe and wide spread in the society of Indonesia.

Unprofessional Players

            In multiparty system, people from many different backgrounds have big chances to participate in politics. When there are more parties, people would have more chance to be candidates; in that case, there are more chance for people to be in certain parties or even make a party. There are around 40 parties in each legislative election and several new parties are to be born to satisfy some Indonesians passion to gain power.

            People who are joining the parties are not just ordinary people; of course they must have added value. This added value is no more than just green bucks or money to support their campaign and to pay their volunteers. There is no limit whatever your education or achievement, as long as you have adequate money, you may join the politics. Even, if you are not graduated from high school or college.

            In this case, many people who are not qualified to be the representatives are being elected due to their massive amount of money. When this happens, the disaster is just about to overwhelm Indonesian sky and traps each person in a shadow of dirty politics. These unqualified people are not able to deal with the problems which are coming in the society, what they do is only to sign the proposals, receive tribute cash and taking a nap in the house of representatives.

            Corruptions are just so common for these people, because what they want is to get their money back after campaign. Representative is just a business for them; people’s voice and scream are not being listened. Many laws and regulations are passed in order to satisfy themselves and many of them do not understand how the impacts can affect the society and make the people suffering.

Complex System for the Voters

            Despite of many complicated bad impacts of multiparty system, this system also offers a very complex bureaucracy to vote. People are about to choose over 40 parties in each election period and for the most people, they do not have any idea about the parties in the list. This case also causes many problems when it seems that there is no a single party to be responsibility to each decision which was made.

            This condition makes people reluctant to vote and ruin their trust to the multiparty system. At the very worst case people would not vote due to the mistrust to the multiparty system.  This philosophy was proven by the election in Central Java in 2009 that the majority of the people did not vote and ruined the spirit of multiparty system.

Conclusion

Each country are different in many ways; cultures, political views, belief, diversity or even political interest. A system which is good for one country might not be good to another country. Even the system of Democracy might be imposed in some countries but it does not match to many countries due to many factors.

Indonesia is a country which is using democratic system so called “Demokrasi Pancasila” which is equal to liberal democratic. This system is believed by many Indonesia to be the most perfect system although it still has more bad impacts than other system such as religious system due to the diversity of Indonesia.

There are seven common points which can describe how the multiparty system in Indonesia cannot uphold all people wishes and even give many bad impacts. These impacts are so severe that should be considered a big deal for the society of Indonesia.

Bibliography

Kiyosaki, Robert T. (2001). “Cash Flow Quadrant”. Prentice Hal: New Jersey

Roskin, Michael G. (1999). “Political Science:An Introduction” Prentice Hal: New Jersey

www.republika.co.id

www.qna.redliff.com

www.dephan.go.id

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[1] Roskin, Michael G. (1999). “Political Science:An Introduction” Prentice Hal: New Jersey

[2] www.republika.co.id

[3] Qna.redliff.com

[4] Kiyosaki, Robert T. (2001). “Cash Flow Quadrant”. Prentice Hal: New Jersey

[5] www.dephan.go.id

The Causes of the Emergence of Free Papua Movement in the Eastern Indonesia - Intoduction to Political Science Semester Assignment IRs IC UMY 09

The Causes of the Emergence of

Free Papua Movement in the Eastern Indonesia

By:

Gigih Shofa Uzaman (2009 0510 058)

International Class of International Relations

Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta

Abstract

Free Papua Movement or Organisasi Papua Merdeka (Bahasa Indonesian) is separatist movement in the eastern provinces on Indonesia. This organization has started its movement at the early time of unification of Papua into Indonesia; Free Papua Movement wants to make Papua as an independent state and claims Jakarta’s authority as a colonizer. At the very beginning of its movement, it has been using violence and military threat to Indonesia but General Suharto was successful to put it down. [1]

After the reign of Suharto ended; Free Papua Movement has emerged to the surface of Indonesian politics to gain independent from it. They have been through many ways, such as; demonstration, terrorism and military threat. Recently, Free Papua Movement gains many followers from the indigenous people of Papua and started intensive military confrontation to Indonesian army. [2]

In this paper, the writer wrote a brief history of Papua and the four main causes why the OPM was justifying themselves to resist and fight for their independent. The writer also wrote the conclusion on how OPM have been resisting making the entire western Papua as independent state from Indonesia.

A Brief History of Papua and Free Papua Movement

The history of Papua is very unique. The word Papua has been defined by many historians and some of them believed that the word Papua came from old Malay version which meant “curly”. The Spaniards who came into that region also gave it a name, Neuva Guinea or Nova Guinea because the indigenous people are black and curly just like the people of Guinea in the West Africa. The Dutch called it as Netherland West Papua. Also the people of Sorong named the region as Iryan or emerging sun light through sea’s clouds and Sukarno popularized it as “ikut Republik Indonesia anti Nederlan” or uniting with the Republic of Indonesian and stand against the Netherland.[3]

In the book of Kertagama by Mpu Prapanca, Onin and Biak belonged to Majapahit authority in Java right before the kingdom of Ternate took over.  Then the kingdom of Ternate took over in 1600s and finally in the early of 18 century, the Dutch took it over from Ternate by defeating them. The Dutch colonizers made it as its colony and divided it into many regions which were led by governors. The central of its government was in Holandia or we know it today is Jayapura.

In 1949, the Netherland acknowledged Indonesia as independent state and also promised to the Papuans to give them independent. Indonesia wanted Papua to be the part of them because the formation of Indonesia based on Dutch colony in South East Asia. Dutch and Indonesia had come into many battles and lost many casualties over the control of Papua and finally Indonesia won the battles and Dutch handed it over in 1962. In order to keep the prestige of the Netherland; they requested Indonesia to make referendum for all Papuans whether they wanted to be the part of Indonesia or part of the Netherland or become independent state. The result of referendum was to unite with Indonesia.

This condition made Papua in chaos because there are three groups of people who had their own groups’ interests. Finally there were some organizations which aimed to gain independent through military separatism and violence; OPM or Free Papua Movement emerged in Papua.

The Causes of the Emergence of Free Papua Movement (OPM)

OPM was formed in 1965 which was led by Oom Nicolas Jouwe and two OPM commanders, Seth Jafeth Roemkorem and Jacob Hendrik Prai, planned to announce Papuan Independence in 1971. On 1 July 1971 Roemkorem and Prai declared a Republic of West Papua, and drafted a constitution.[4] In order to fulfill their goal; they made many terrors and attacks towards Indonesian government authority and military.  Their resistance was caused by several reason, they are:

1.      Willingness to gain independent for its own. One of the three groups really hoped and wanted to gain its independent. Their dream vanished when the Netherland handed over Papua to Indonesia. This group of people gave the strongest offensive towards Jakarta’s authority by spreading terror and military intervention. OPM also tried to take control many important places in Papua such as Jayapura. Their resistance was finally put down by General Suharto and was silent for many decades until the reformation and the fall of General Suharto. [5]

2.      Suharto’s bias economy decisions in Papua also made the indigenous Papuans very angry and wanted to resist. The coming of Freeport and give very little share for Papuans and brought most of the share to Jakarta was the main reason for them to resist in the term of economic case. In the early agreement; the Papuans only got 1% share from 100% profit of Freeport. In that case, the Indonesian government basically has also mistaken by letting the Papuan suffering on their own golden lands. This fact is becoming the main reason for the Papuans today to resist and gain their independent from Jakarta.

3.      Injustice policies in Papua such as low share rate and giving very small amount of national budget allocation to build Papua were viewed as discrimination. People in Java could enjoy many facilities, in contrast with Papua; people were just neglected by the government. The central government did not build many qualified schools in Papua and it could be viewed as discrimination towards certain ethics by the indigenous. The roads in Papua were also very bad and improper despite of its high money contribution to Jakarta. This “massive injustice” was vied by many Papuan as discrimination. So this phenomenon justified them to resist and fight for its independent.

4.      Domination of non-indigenous citizens in many big cities in Papua in many sectors such as; economy, health, business and politics also worsen the condition. The indigenous Papuans believe that they should be in the equal place with other Indonesian citizens. This might also be very significant reason for many indigenous Papuans and due to this phenomenon.  In 1984, groups of OPM launched a massive attack to Jayapura and tried take control of the city. Although this action was put down by the army, it did not stop the hatred and it was also reported that OPM gained more sympathy from the indigenous people.

Conclusion

OPM or Free Papua Movement has been trying to gain independent from Indonesia and made an independent state of Papua. They have been trying to resist from 1965 until today. There are four main reasons to justify themselves to resist, they are:

·         Willingness to build their own state since before the independent of Indonesia.

·         Suharto’s bias economic decision.

·         Unjust policies for Papua.

·         Domination of non-indigenous citizens in many crucial factors.

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[1] Wikipedia.org

[2] Okezone.com

[3] Kaskus.com

[4] West Papua News and Information

[5] Monbiot, George. Poisoned Arrows: An Investigative Journey to the Forbidden Territories of West Papua